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What are decomposers? Explain two vital functions performed by decomposers in an ecosystem, and describe the consequences if decomposers were completely absent from the Earth.

hard 5 marks Class 10 · Science · Our Environment
Answer
Decomposers are microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that break down dead organic matter; without them, organic waste would accumulate continuously, and soil nutrient cycling would stop, leading to ecosystem collapse.

Step-by-step solution

  1. Step 1: Define decomposers as microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi that break down complex organic matter from dead plants and animals into simple inorganic substances.
  2. Step 2: State the first function: Nutrient cycling. Decomposers return nutrients locked in dead organic matter back to the soil, water, and air so that green plants can reuse them.
  3. Step 3: State the second function: Ecosystem cleansing. Decomposers break down dead organisms and excretory waste, keeping the environment clean.
  4. Step 4: Explain the primary consequence of their absence: Dead bodies of plants and animals and natural waste products would accumulate continuously across the planet.
  5. Step 5: Explain the secondary consequence: Soil fertility would decline and eventually stop because essential nutrients would not be recycled back, resulting in plant failure and ultimate collapse of all food chains.
Common mistake: Focusing only on garbage accumulation and missing the critical impact on soil nutrient cycling and plant growth.

Concept tested: Role of decomposers in an ecosystem

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